DHANA AND THE HISTORY OF THE CURRENCY

THE CURRENCY

The word “moneta” (currency) derives from the Greek monytes, that it means pointer, one what that represents an other thing.

For currency it means whichever medium of exchange that generally is accepted in payment of goods and services and in order to extinguish debts.

The currency serves which value measure moreover.

The number of units of currency demanded in order to acquire a product is the price of the same product.

However, the monetary unit choice which measure of the value does not have necessarily to be used like medium of exchange.

As an example, during the colonial period in America North, the English pound acted as from unit of measure of the value while the Spanish currency was an important medium of exchange.

Before the introduction of the Euro, in the countries of the European Economic Community, the ECU (European Unit of Account) has been used like unit of measure of the value while the coins of several the countries and the Dollar were used like means of exchange.

APPLIED PROCEEDS SWAP

Before the currency, the goods exchanges happened by means of applied proceeds swap.

The applied proceeds swap is the exchange of assets with other assets: the surplus goodses the normal requirementses were exchanged with other necessary assets in order living.

The limit of the applied proceeds swap consisted in the difficulty of encounter between subjects with mutual surplus and insufficiencies of assets to exchange.

GOODS CURRENCY

In order to exceed the limits of the applied proceeds swap, beyond tree thousands years ago the primitives people began to exchange assets with object-currency.

The object-currency was conventional objects that represented the measure of the value of the exchanged assets: at first shells, perline, zanne of elephant, pellicce, skins and cattle; then objects in iron, bronze, gold, silver and branch.

Miniature of bronze knives, axes and other tools, used in order to represent the tools really exchange objects, circulated ago in China beyond tremila years.

To a sure point rings were printed and slabs of metal on which, in place of the good that they represented, s' indicated one amount.

Therefore the first modern goods-currency is born.

The goods-currency, is an object that has just a intrinsic value (in relation to the rarity of the material) and that it can be exchanged with whichever good.

Of usual, the value of the goods-currency is more or less equal to that one of the material in contained it.

The main materials used for this type of currency have been gold, silver and branch.

The coins, coined in a natural alloy of gold and silver, appeared ago approximately 3,700 years in the region of Lydia, in Asia Minor.

According to the legend it was Creso, king of Lydia (region of odierna Turkey), the first one to adopt the technique of the coniazione.

The coins were the stateri of gold and silver (twenty silver pieces corresponded to one of gold).

It was be a matter of a shape of goods-currency with a value determined from its metallic content.

The coins proliferarono quickly in all the economies more developed of the world.

Monarchs, noble, cities and institutions began to coin coins marked from just the brand attesting symbol the metallic value of the currency.

Some ancient coins had one composition much stable one.

The dracma emitted to Atene beyond 3,600 years ago it has maintained a 65-67 content relatively constant fine silver grains; quian (the cash) Chinese of introduced branch 3.400 years ago remained currency base for two thousand years.

The metal coins were coined from one mint of property of the possessory ones of the powerful metals or of (emperors, king, feudatari but also common republics and).

The coins often came sheared (that is limate) from the possessory ones that with this deceit gave in payment coins that seemed of a sure value but that in truth they had a content of inferior metal to that one coined from the zecche and indicated on the same coins.

From part they, the issuing authorities were inclined to reduce the metallic content of the greater coins that coined in order to realize profit.

The coins of small denomination of bronze or branch were, of fact, fiduciary currency, being their value legacy substantially to the number of silver and gold coins with which they could be exchanged.

The silver and gold coins often circulated also to outside of the emission country thanks to their intrinsic value: therefore the Weight of Spanish silver divenne legal tender in China to leave from XVI the century.

Once created, the coins made to be born a monetary system, whose characteristics remain essentially constant from millenia; one of the more long-lasting innovations was the introduction, in XVII the century, of the edge knurled in the European coins, in order to discourage the tosatura.

After the fall of the Empire Roman of the West the circulation of the coins was reduced and the gold began to scarseggiare.

In VIII the century Carl Magno it established that the official currency of the Sacred Roman Empire was the silver money.

After year thousands, the gold recommenced to circular and with the discovery of America (1492) was a new one afflusso of precious metals in Europe.

While in Holland the first national bank was born and s' it introduced mechanization of I coin of the coins, Spain made to flow from the colonies huge amounts of gold, causing an increase of the prices and one lessening of the value of the gold.

It was before the shape of inflation.

DEPOSIT RECEIPT

Still before the goods-currency the deposit receipt has existed.

Beyond 4,500 years ago, in the cities of the valley of Tigris and the Euphrates and in those of the Hindu one and the Nilo there was a type of much special currency.

The people, carried exceeding of the own products in the tempio of the fortified city where book keeping clergymen opened a checking account with delivery of tablets of mud to the bearer.

The assets were stored in appropriate premises of the tempio and came second established an abstract amount of money the delivered goodses.

Subsequently, if the same persons wanted an other type of product of the tempio, the inverse procedure was followed.

For every operation of exchange a document was stilato, fact of terracotta, bringing the name of the purchaser, that one of the vendor, the exchanged goods and the amount of used monetary unit.

This document is the so-called invoice-check.

For exchanges of great importance and between various cities, a system of transport guaranteed, based on the bullae was previewed «. »

In the wagon of the carrier there was a ball of terracotta to the inside of which they found of the tablets that they represented the various transported products.

On the surface of the ball moreover the tablets were recorded.

Joints to destination, the ball was opened and it was taken place if the content of the same one coincided with that one of the wagon.

To the age the pacific relationships between the various cities predominated, in part because of it walls to them impregnable that the proteggevano and in part thanks to the pr0sperity that this system of exchange assured.

The currency was a separated instrument, a document whose value existed one only according to really existing goods.

Every commercial exchange left one legal trace under shape of mud tablets.

All this vanished to the appearance of the anonymous currency of gold, silver, branch and bronze.

This new type of currency, anonymous person, independent concrete and from the goodses, renders the corruption very easyr.

With the anonymous currency the private bank appeared also, true and just can-shadow.

The dedicandosi officials of the tempio changed their vocation to invent the religions.

They returned therefore to ribalta imperialism.

He walls impregnable collapsed. Not under the blows then nonexistent catapults or crossbows, but later on to the corruption of some guard from part of the besiegers.

The traitor corrupts could discreetly then be eliminated and the occupants s' invented myths like that one of «the Horse of Troy »or «the Bugles of Gerico. »

The anonymous money still transforms until the modern banknotes and to anonymous checks payable to bearer.

The several political institutions created so that the citizens believe of protects endure the attack of «the power-real ones »who corrupt politicians, technicians and judges.

COINS BASE AND COINS WEAK PEOPLE

The metallic coins can be are coins base are coins weak people.

The coins base have an equal nominal value to that one of the metal that contain.

The coins weak people have a metallic nominal value much advanced one to that or intrinsic one; in so far as they are similar to the paper currency.

The zecche of many countries they coined coins of both types during XIX the century, but with the general abandonment of the gold base, between the two world wars, the coins base have been removed from the circulation in nearly all the world.

CARTAMONETA

The cartamoneta it was introduced in China in IX the century, in the shape of emitted convertibile certificates from the private bankers for the government of the Tang dynasty.

Supported the power of the Chinese state, this currency could maintain just to the value in all the empire, eliminating the requirement to transport silver.

Transformed in state monopoly with the Song dynasty, the cartamoneta it remained in vigor during all the Chinese history, in spite of the sconvolgimenti caused from the political changes and the absence of one cover-up of silver or other metals.

The cartamoneta it appeared for before the time in the West in XVI the century, under shape of emitted titles of credit from the banks to forehead of deposits in money.

These proliferarono titles of credit: the French colonial authorities in Canada used papers from game signed from the governor like promises of payment from the 1685, since the arrival of the money from France delayed.

The cartamoneta divenne more and more diffused to leave from XVIII the century but it conserved the nature of credit currency, emitted to forehead of deposits in gold and silver.

In the 1.700 in France and England the banknotes, plus practical were diffused transporting.

In the history of the currency there are two important dates a lot: in 1794 the United states adopted an own currency, the Dollar, while in 1870 Japan it put in circulation the Yen.

However, the currency more strongly of XIX the century remained the English Pound.

Just England, in 1816, had introduced the Gold Standard, a monetary system based on convertibile paper currency in gold.

This system then was adopted also from the other industrialized countries, because the value of the gold assured the common base in the foreign exchange between the various coins.

Com' has gone? England did not have resources to finance the own war enterprises enough.

A banker proposed to the Queen of being authorized to print currency for prestarla to the English state.

The Queen accepted and established that the banknotes emitted from the banker had liberatorio value.

Naturally the banker (than then became the Bank of England) did not print alone coins for the state but also for prestarle to private.

He in this way began the lawsuit of multiplication of the only guaranteed monetary amount from the credits of who received money on loan.

After the second world war, the economic supremacy passes to the United States: it ends was of the convertibilità in gold and the Dollar becomes the reference currency.

This situation ends in 1971.

In the meantime the European Economic Community was already moving the first steps in order to catch up a monetary system in order to join the countries of Europe.

TYPES OF CARTAMONETA

The cartamoneta one distinguishes therefore in credit currency and fiduciary currency.

The credit currency, is a document with which the issuing one promises to a government or one bank to pay the equivalent value in monetary metal standard.

The fiduciary currency is cartamoneta the not convertibile in some type of monetary metal standard and whose value is fixed for law.

They are, of fact, fiduciary coins also many metallic coins in circulation, in how much the value of the material with which they are made is generally inferior to their monetary value.

In kind the creditors are legal obliged to accept in payment are the fiduciary currency are that credit one, that therefore coins to legal course are defined.

If the cartamoneta in circulation it is not excessive regarding the needs of the commerce and the industry, it is accepted from all and acquires a relatively stable value.

If instead the cartamoneta it is emitted in exaggerated amount, a distrust climate is diffused and the currency loses value quickly.

Such lessening is often continuation from the formal devaluation (reduction of the official value of the currency).

The fiduciary currency constituted of rule one measure of emergency adopted in time of war, like the cartaceo Dollar American.

The faculty to emit cartamoneta passed from the private banks those national ones then.

In late XIX the century, the falls in the value of the gold carried to the adoption of an international gold monetary regime, in which all the currencies were interchanging with gold.

Many governments suspended the convertibilità of the own currency during the first world war, while attempts to introduce international the gold regime were shipwrecked after the Great Depression.

The transformation of world-wide currencies in fiduciary coins, with fixed values entire from the question of the market, was completed with the uncoupling of the American Dollar from the gold, in 1971.

BANKNOTE

The banknote is one cartamoneta emitted from one bank. Not convertibile fiduciary currency to compulsory course is one.

CURRENCY AND ECONOMY

The functions of the currency, which medium of exchange and measure of the value, they enormously facilitate the exchange of products and services and the specialization of the production.

Without currency, the commerce would be reduced to the applied proceeds swap, that is to the direct exchange of a good with an other; this was the system used in the primitive communities and still is practiced in some leaves of the world.

In a applied proceeds swap economy, an individual that possesses something to trade must find someone that it wants it and that has something of acceptable offering in foreign exchange.

In a monetary economy, the owner of a good can venderlo, gaining of the money with which he will be able in its turn to acquire a wished good, without having to try someone with which carrying out the exchange.

The currency goes therefore considered one miliare stone of the modern economic life.

Unfortunately, like in many other cases, that that had been introduced like a medium of exchange then has become for some a life aim.

MONETARY REGIMES

The fundamental currency of a country, in which other shapes of money can be converted and that it determines the value of other types of currency, is called currency base.

The monetary regime of a nation refers to the type of currency base used in the monetary system.

The main modern monetary regimes are those gold (gold standards), silver and to compulsory course.

In the gold monetary regime the cartacea currency circulates together to the gold and the two coins are convertibile liberations one in the other; one varying its is the monetary regime to gold foreign exchange (gold exchange standard) in which the cartacea currency of a country it is convertibile in that one of an other country, in its turn convertibile in gold. As an example, dinari in Dollars and Dollars in gold.

In the compulsory monetary regime the banknotes must be accepted in payment but they are not convertibile in precious metals.

Some countries have used for some time the bimetallic system, in which two coins circulate base, one of gold and the other of silver.

The bimetallic regime has had insufficient succeeding above all because of the law of second Gresham which, " the bad " currency (more to good market) stretches to more drive away that " good one " (appreciated) from the circulation.

Nearly all the monetary systems are currently arrange fiduciary; they do not admit the free convertibilità of the currency and to it it comes conferred value from the law, rather than from its nominal content of gold or silver.

The modern systems come also defined " trained coins ", since the value of the monetary units depends in great part from the governmental management and the economic political.

PAYMENT PROMISE

Today the credit, that is I use it of one promised of payment, constitutes a precious instrument that the currency places side by side.

Many enterprises use credit instruments rather than legal tender.

The bancari deposits come commonly included in the monetary structure of a country; the offered term of currency means the currency in circulation, more the bancari deposits.

The real value of the money is determined its purchasing power, than in its turn it depends on the prices of the products.

According to the quantitative theory, the prices are determined in great part or entire from the amount of currency in circulation.

The experience has demonstrated, however, that equally important for the determination of the level of the prices they are the speed of circulation of the currency and the volume of the production of goods and services.

COMPULSORY COURSE

The currency to compulsory course, that is all the current coins emitted from the central banks, are not convertibile in the metal that guarantees to them.

The convertibilità is stopped when the emitted amount of cartamoneta has exceeded the value of the precious metal that it represented.

From that moment the value of the currency is established from the market, to prescind from the real value place to guarantee of the currency.

A currency is as well as more fort how much more strongly appears the economy of the country in which the bank is found that it emits it.

Unfortunately, the appearing force of an economy does not correspond to its real force but it is determined from other factors: the war power of the country, its ability to manage means of investigation, its presence (hegemony) in the exchange relationships.

These factors often determine different a monetary value appearing from the real value.

As an example, the appearing value of the Dollar of the United states (whose real value of emission is equal to single three cent of Dollar) is of large along advanced to its real value.

If all those people who possess American Dollars exchanged them in a single time with assets, us it would notice that the amount of Dollars in circulation is advanced to thousand times the Gross Domestic Product anniversary of the United states and is also advanced to the value of all the assets furnish and present pieces of real estate on the planet.

In such case, one would notice to us that the real value of the Dollar is equal to 3% of its appearing value. It would be a disaster: the monetary catastrophe.

Also the Euro has an inferior real value to that nominal value but sure the difference is the much less sensitive one than that one of the American Dollar.

However, paradoxicalally, for effect of the other factors that determine the value of the currency (war power, hegemony of the exchanges) while the Euro has an equal real value to seven or eight times that one of the Dolllaro, its fair market value (exchange rate) are inferior and not enough a Euro for having a Dollar.

CURRENCY AND BANK

For every 100 monetary units that it receives in deposit the bank it lend 1.000 monetary units.

As an example, for every million Dollars or Euro of deposits, the bank is held to remit the 10/15% to the central bank but it is authorized lend 100 million Dollars or Euro.

In this way, the bank determines not only the level of development of an economy but also the destination of the resources and the wealth, because it decides who, because and in exchange for that what lend money.

And siccome in a market economy the profit is of regulation proporzionato to means and to the employed resources, it is the bank, and who does not want to produce, that who decides must earn more and who must earn less.

He does not import which he is the government of a country and which political economic wants to promote.

The bank is in degree, alone, to determine the economic relationships of whichever country to prescind from who governs it. The important is that it can emit currency and that can prestarla, to the states like to the private ones.

DHANA

In order to realize one of the fundamental objectives of the Republic of the Earth, that is the redistribution of the wealth, has been emitted Dhana.

Dhana is the currency of the Republic of the Earth.

The monetary base of Dhana is not constituted from precious metals, other currencies, credits or titles publics but only from capitals of enterprises that produce to assets or services.

Adam Smith, that he decidedly refused the protezionistiche conclusions of the mercantilista thought, emphasized that the wealth was not constituted from the precious metals, but from the materials that they could buy.

Dhana is what the other coins would want to be: a medium of exchange that represents existing real economic values.

Dhana is a universal currency that can all over the world be used like corrispettivo of exchange.

The first six billions of Dhana have been guaranteed from a capital of 150 billions of Euro, one Dhana for 25 Euro.

To every inhabitant of the planet that participates to the Republic of the Earth 100 are assigned Dhana.

In total the emission of approximately 450 billions of Dhana is previewed: 100 Dhana for everyone of the 4.5 billions of inhabitants of the Earth that participate to the exchanges.

With the increase of the population then they will be emitted other Dhana so as to to always assure 100 Dhana for every inhabitant of the planet.

DHANA CHARACTERISTICS

Dhana is emitted in physical, electromagnetic currency and data transmission.

Dhana in physical currency is a cartamoneta equipped of all the currently known security systems that they render it difficultly falsificabile.

Dhana in electromagnetic currency, is recorded in one small electromagnetic cashier's window called Gandhana with which payments and collections until to one can be carried out distance of some meters from an other Gandhana.

Dhana in currency data transmission is managed through a recorded checking account on Internet (www.dhana.org).

Dhana is divided in thousands Kana-Dhana and is emitted in the denominations from 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 Dhana and from 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 Khana-Dhana.

Dhana is one monetary revolution. It renews the currency to its original function of medium of exchange.

Instead of having a monetary base metallic Dhana monetary base has one productive.

Three reasons have adviced against to guarantee Dhana with precious metals.

In the first place the difficulty and the uselessness of convertirla in precious metal, because the function of the currency must be that one of unit and medium of exchange of measure of value and not of wealth hoarding.

In the second place, the amount of precious metal that would be necessary in order to guarantee the emission of 450 billions of Dhana (11250 billions of Euro, approximately 9,900 billions of American Dollars) is not available on the planet and however he would be such to provoke to the reduction of the price of the metals, provoking the collapse of all the other coins.

The third reason is that, if it is true as it is true that a currency is worth for that represents, has been believed that the assets more adapted to guarantee the value of Dhana and its revaluation in the time are the quotas capital of productive enterprises.

Every issued Dhana is, in fact, totally guaranteed from a capital of productive enterprise and is convertibile in quotas the capital that guarantee it.

To prescind from its fair market value (exchange rate), every Dhana has an equal real value to its nominal value since represents existing material values.

The value of emission of a Dhana is of 25 Euro, approximately 22 Dollars to the current foreign exchange.

In truth, if we consider the real value (that effectively guaranteed) of these two coins, the value of Dhana is very advanced.

The real value of a Dhana is equal to the real value of approximately 100 Euro (guaranteed to 25%) and quite of approximately 733 American Dollars (guaranteed to 3%).

Therefore the fair market value of a Dhana is of 25 Euro at the moment of the emission but it will stretch to increase with the increase of the circulation.

Naturally nobody will want to only exchange Dhana with other coins but with assets or services, very knowing that the relationship of foreign exchange between Dhana and all the other coins is destined to increase.

Dhana will be revalued in the same proportion in which the other coins they will be devaluated.

PERCHE' DHANA?

Us it could be asked because instead emitting one new currency has not been believed to distribute to every inhabitant of the planet a proportional value in other coins, Dollars, Euro or Yen.

The answer is simple.

First: to distribute in equal parts current currencies would mean to induce the central banks to emit ulterior currency provoking one colossal devaluation without alternatives.

According to: to use current currencies would mean to perpetuate the current founded monetary systems on values allies by marriage.

Third party: the current international monetary system is hegemonized from little countries, and in particular from the United States, which they make to pay their supremacy and their well-being to all the other people.

How they make? Emitting Dollars in order to acquire assets to the foreign country (inasmuch as in the United States it is consumed more than how much it is produced) and in order to support public expenses (the debit public American nearly is entire stopped from foreign subjects).

It is just in order to interrupt this lawsuit that has been emitted Dhana, which must be the currency of all, of who it works, it produces and it consumes and of who it cannot farlo, and of who it does not emit it.

Dhana must generate a new universal monetary system that assures a fair distribution of the resources and the wealth, cancelling the originally acquired prerogatives and hegemonies with the force.

MONETARY POLICY

The monetary policy consists in the control of the amount of currency in circulation, in order to avoid that, an amount in excess provokes a monetary devaluation and an increase of the prices and an amount in defect, prevents the purchase of the consumer goodses and therefore the satisfaction of the needs.

With Dhana it will not serve more some monetary policy. To give to 100 Dhana to every inhabitant of the Earth means to put in circulation approximately 450 billions of Dhana, par to the necessary value to future the exchanges not only current but also.

In fact, when the effect of Dhana on the economies of all the world is completed, with increasing of the production and the wealth it will increase the value of Dhana, with the consequence that if today in order to buy one what serves five Dhana, tomorrow ne four will serve, then three and therefore via until when the same Dhana does not have more reason than to exist.

DHANA AND THE OTHER COINS

Dhana is the instrument in order to redistribute the wealth.

Dhana filler the currency to its original function of medium of exchange, of applied proceeds swap of useful assets with a title that it represents other useful assets, at par.

Dhana does not affect the property. The attribution of the 100 Dhana does not demand some corrispettivo. The owners of assets you furnish and pieces of real estate and of whichever other value can be calm.

Dhana represents the beginning and not the conclusion of a new lawsuit of economic relationships, I prime it of one new concatenation that impoverisce the rich ones and does not reduce the poverty of poor.

The resources for the successive emissions will be put to disposition from enterprises that have been constituted and managed to the only scope to produce wealth in order to guarantee this new currency.

The enterprises that guarantee Dhana are of property of private and of foundations that have comprised the necessity to put to disposition of who work, it half produces and it consumes a new one of measure of the value and exchange.

These subjects have accepted of svestirsi of the possession of huge values.

They have known to recognize the diversity between property and possession. They are remained owners of their values but they have rinunciato to their possession.

To exchange assets with the other coins, above all with Dollars, means to more low receive a piece of paper with a real value much than what it seems. To exchange assets with Dhana means to receive a mean of payment that represents a advanced value to the price of the exchanged good.

SEMPLICITA'

Someone could consider Dhana and the new monetary system that puts in motion like one semplicistica hypothesis.

It is not therefore. Not semplicismo does not have to confuse semplicità.

The simpler things are always truest.

Reading to the articles of the vincola agreement that to international the monetary system (Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund) all the countries that join to the FMI (International Monetary Fund) us render account of how much very difficult, complex, are complicated, arduous, abstruse, enigmatic, intricate, sometimes incomprensibili and dark the previewed regulations and clauses.

Why they have been made therefore? First, in order to guarantee the hegemony of who it has proposed the Second FMI., for being able to have always reason. Third party, in order to prevent the spread of the acquaintance of the monetary mechanisms.

Dhana is one instrument simple, elementary, lacking in complications or difficulty, easy to understand and to use.

That does not mean that who proposes it is inexpert and she still does not know the men and the difficulties of the world and not even that is an ingenuous one, foolish and credulone without senno. Maximum semplicità and schiettezza are the result of one great complexity.

In order to elaborate easy, nearly obvious, obvious, clear, evident, flat, manifest and easy one proposed elementary, and for poterla introducing in sobrio, essential way, measured, unwrapped, melted and natural they have been necessary study years and a great engagement in order to demonstrate to many persons the necessity to adopt this instrument.

Semplicismo is way too much simple and superficial to reason, genericità, esteriorità, appearance, facade.

With Dhana instead it has been attended to the essence, to the substance, very knowing that to reinventare the truth it is nearly impossible but it can be made if is not for if same.

Naturally there will be diffidenza and above all indifference.

The diffidenza of the ignorance and that one of the fear. Indifference of the satisfaction and that one of the incoscienza. The diffidenza and indifference of who pretend thinking to make just the interest.

The logical standard that gives one true premise derives one true conclusion.

Sometimes the true premise also being not valid and the conclusion are equally true but not valid.

Cogito ergo sum. Task therefore is, exists. The premise and the conclusion are true.

But they are also valid? The conclusion is always valid?

It is for who has had the fortune to be born where the resources and the instruments for nutrirsi exist, curarsi, to know, to informarsi, to work, to produce and to svilupparsi, where a democracy and freedom appearance exists at least.

It it is not for who is born in order to suffer without the possibility from being able to fight in order to resolve not only own desires but not even the own essential needs. For these last ones, “to be ”is not more valid that for whichever other animal from slaughter house, destined to being instrument of the satisfaction of needs and desires of other animals.

The validity of a argument goes therefore distinguished from the truth of the conclusion.

Naturally if or more premises are false, the conclusion of a valid argument would have to be false. As an example the locuzione " All the mammals are quadruped (are false), all the men are mammalian, consequently, all the men are quadruped " are a valid argument with a false conclusion (because the premise is false).

Of other part, as we have seen, a not valid reasoning could have, accidentally, one true conclusion, like in this case: " Some animals are bipedi; all the men are animals; consequently, all the men are bipedi ", that true conclusion is a not valid reasoning with one.

The logical validity depends, therefore, exclusively from the shape of the reasoning and they do not give its content.

Emission

All the other coins currently are emitted from authorized central banks from the national states. The amount of issued currency depends on the requirements of the consumptions.

Dhana is emitted directly from the Republic of the Earth, therefore from a government and they do not give one bank.

It has been considered that 450 billions of Dhana, par to a value of emission of 11,250 billions of Euro and to approximately 9,900 billions of American Dollars (to the current exchange rate) are sufficient to the requirementses of currency for all the exchanges to world-wide level.

Considering that in the complex of all the exchanges take part approximately 4.5 billions of inhabitants of the planet, 100 will be assigned Dhana to everyone of they.

With the adoption of the new European currency they have been emitted approximately 650 billions of Euro for approximately 250 million adult persons who live in the countries of the European Monetary Union.

Every person will have to disposition in average approximately 2,500 Euro.

The equivalent value of emission of 100 Dhana is of 2,500 Euro.

Ulterior emissions are not previewed to distribute between the inhabitants of the Earth, to part those necessary ones later on to the increase of the population.

Ulterior emissions single for being could be made destined particular humanitarian initiatives.

The adoption of Dhana will provoke an increase of the production.

The increase of the production will provoke to the increase of the value of Dhana and the contestuale price cutting to the consumption.

The increase of the value of Dhana will concur therefore to make forehead to the increases of the consumptions without emission of new currency.

Us it could be asked: “If Dhana is guaranteed with a value represented from an other currency (the Euro), and having the Euro an inferior real value to that nominal value, also Dhana it has an inferior real value to that nominal value.

It is not therefore. Dhana is guaranteed from a capital expressed in Euro like unit of measure of value and not like medium of exchange.

We make the example of the hen and eggs. The price of a hen from eggs is of approximately 15 Euro and that one of an egg is of approximately 12.5 cent (eighth) of Euro.

A hen could therefore be exchanged for 15 Euro or 120 eggs. Both have a price expressed in Euro, therefore the unit of measure of their value is the Euro. But an account is to exchange a hen with 15 Euro and an account is scambiarla with 120 eggs.

In the first case the unit of measure of the value (Euro) corresponds to the medium of exchange (Euro); in according to case instead the unit of value measure it is the Euro but the medium of exchange is the eggs. The eggs have an equal real value to the price determined from the unit of measure of value in Euro, the Euro have an inferior real value to its nominal value. And therefore it happens for all the other coins.

Dhana corresponds to eggs. The measure of its value has been calculated in Euro (could have been calculated in Dollars, Yen or other coins) but its real value is advanced to the real value of the currency that acts as from unit of measure of its value.

Guarantee

All the other coins are guaranteed (partially) from gold, currencies (that is other coins) and titles (of state).

For finanziarsi, the states emit titles and it gives them to their central banks from which on loan receive coins emitted from the same central banks.

The gold reservoirs cover less of 15% of the value of the issued coins.

For two reasons it is not possible to guarantee Dhana with gold.

In the first place because amount of sufficient gold does not exist one.

In 6,000 years 24 carats have been extracted approximately 135,000 tons of fine gold (). The gold price is gone around around to the 280 Dollars for ounce. A Troy ounce is equal to 31.1034807 grams. Therefore the gold price is approximately 9 Dollars to the gram, 9.000 Dollars to the kilogram, 9 million Dollars for ton. The 135.000 tons of gold extracted in total are worth approximately 1,215 billions of Dollars Americans.

The price in Euro is of approximately 10 Euro for gram, 10.000 Euro to the kilogram, 10 million Euro for ton, 1.350 billions of Euro for 135.000 tons.

In purpose, it is remembered that the auriferous reservoirs of the central banks are approximately 21,000 tons of fine gold. To the end of the 2000 tons of gold until guarantee of main currencies they were: United States 8.137 tons, Germany 3.469, Switzerland 2.419, France 3.025, Italy 2.452, Holland 912, Belgium 258, Japan 764, Sweden 185, Canada 37.

The value of all the auriferous reservoirs of the central banks is of approximately 189 billions of Dollars Americans, par to approximately 210 billions of Euro.

Only the first six issued billions of Dhana have been guaranteed from a capital of 150 billions of Euro.

If the first six billions of Dhana had been guaranteed entire in gold, it would have been necessary quantitative of equal gold to 71,4% of the total of all auriferous reservoirs with which the other currencies are guaranteed all.

In order to entire guarantee in gold previewed the 450 billions of Dhana (equal to 11,250 billions of Euro, 9.900 billions of Dollars Americans) would be necessary 1.125.000 tons of fine gold, more than eight times of quantitative of gold extracted in seimila years.

According to reason that it prevents to guarantee Dhana with gold is due to the fact that a such amount, even if was made available, would provoke one lessening of the gold price.

To greater amount available proportional reduction of the gold price and therefore of the value of the guarantee would correspond in fact one.

Analogous speech is worth for the guarantees in other currencies or government bonds.

Being all the currencies guaranteed more or less in the same way, the currency of reservoir mail to guarantee of a currency have much inferior a real value to the nominal value.

The state titles () places to guarantee of the coins are emitted from states with budgets in deficits that every year produce losses and, being the titles publics represented in the received currency on loan, the same real value of the titles turn out always inferior to their nominal value.

After all, the other coins are guaranteed (with gold, currencies, titles and credits) for a maximum of 25% of their nominal value until to a minimum of 3%, while the value of emission of Dhana is guaranteed to 100%, do not give gold or from other precious metals but from capitals of enterprises.

And therefore it will be in the future one because, while they will not be emitted other Dhana beyond to the 100 for every inhabitant of the Earth, the increase of value of Dhana will be effect of the proportional increase of the capital of the enterprises that guarantee it.

Convertibilità

No currency is today convertibile in the own monetary base, because the amount of issued currency represents a advanced value to the value of its monetary base.

Dhana is convertibile anytime in capital quotas that guarantees it, therefore as the same quotas capital are convertibile anytime in Dhana.

Autonomy

Currently the coins are instruments of monetary policy.

The authorities that they emit to them decide the amount to emit in base to the economic conditions of the countries in which the coins are emitted.

Dhana does not have need of some authority of control.

As the value of Dhana will depend on the development of the production and they do not give the emitted amount of Dhana, therefore the consumptions will be proportional to the production and therefore to the value of Dhana.

Value

The other coins have all an inferior real value to their nominal value (unit of value measure) and to their appearing value of market.

Dhana is emitted to exactly equal a real value to that nominal value and in future the real value and that one of market will be advanced to its nominal value, just because the value of emission of Dhana is equal to an unit of measure of value (Euro) that it represents a advanced value to the real value of the same unit of measure.

Rendering

All the other coins are given on loan with an interest.

From that drift the speculative character of all the coins.

The interest is the corrispettivo of a risk and also a system of control of the loss of value of the currency for effect of its devaluation.

For this the interest that they recognize the banks to the thrifty people is proporzionato to the inflation rate.

Dhana does not produce interests because it is not made for the speculation.

Who saves it does not have to fear some devaluation but indeed she can count on one constant revaluation.

Who lend it does not run some risk because anytime she can transform the own credits in Dhana with capital quotas that guarantee it.

Obviously an authorization to the loan will be necessary, in order to avoid that they come lend Dhana to who could not never restituirle.

PRESENT AND FUTURE

All the current monetary systems have the same origin and are fruit of one concatenation founded on the law of more strongly.

More strongly it has been impossessato of the resources and it has tax the own ideologies, between which the monetazione and in a generalized manner the course of the economic relationships and the exchanges.

Like all, also the monetary systems have had a beginning and will have one fine.

The free economists of all the world have from some previewed time the end of the current monetary systems and in that moment we will not have only one monetary catastrophe but one economic catastrophe.

The same thing is happened for the atmosphere. From decades the scientists put in guard from the effects of the human activities on the climate and the atmosphere.

They said logical things and however they remained inascoltati.

Today the hole in ozone is one dramatic truth, the pollution of the pure water and the air.

The insensibilità of the governors and their impotence regarding these problems the incoscienza of the power represents all, more turned to maintain and to consolidate the power of who has intentional the current system of human relationships, of which they are the product and the instrument, rather than to the real problems and it realizes of with of the humanity.

Normally to every crisis it follows a shape of appearing renewal.

If they are not eliminated or exceeded the original lawsuits of the crises, these will be repeated. The world will ahead go same but who ne sopporterà the cost? Always more the weak people, naturally.

In this chronic “situation, ”Dhana represents an action of breach and with of altruism and courage, leaving again from the beginning.

Not by means of a theory to the term of which an appearing change is caught a glimpse but through a choice that breaks off with the past and introduces the change immediately.

It could be objected that, inasmuch as we are not all equal ones, dividend a sure amount of currency in equal parts runs the risk that in little time only some invest and produce to new wealth while all the others could consumarla.

It is true. This risk exists. There will be who will be made to take from the instinct to satisfy needs and to satisfy desires without to produce. There will be who will consume the received wealth without to work.

But the emission of Dhana is not proposed to eliminate the differences or to compress the freedom of the inhabitants of the Earth.

Dhana is proposed to assure to all the same conditions of departure or at least sufficient conditions in order to carry out the own function of citizens of the world.

While we make this choice, never made from nobody in the last diecimila years.

Then we will see. We will see if who receives 100 Dhana knowing that ne she will not receive others will consume without to work and without to produce. We will see if Dhana will be used in order to acquire crews and drug or means of production, investigations, culture, acquaintance and all those material and immaterial assets that serve to every being human in order to resolve the own problems of life and development.

And quand' also to this monetary and economic revolution it did not make followed a revolution of the consciences, we will in any case have put all in the conditions of being able living and being able to fight for the own happiness.

A suicide cannot be prevented. But the suicide is an action of desperation provoked from irreversible a serious and thought malaise.

To remove the desperation means to take part on the lawsuits of the suicide.

Nascondersi behind considerations like that it says that yes from the fish to who it does not have hunger because once eaten a fish ne wants an other or that one that says that the dog bites always the hand of who has given to eat means to it to arrendersi, a po' vigliaccamente, to a history that it has not made never null in order to teach to fish and in order to make to understand the dog that a hand is not eatable.

Of other part, Dhana is not a elemosina but a new monetary system that can affect the economic relationships radically.

In order once, we make something truly new. Not in the house garden ours, not in one city or a country, but on the entire planet.

We will see if people of many countries and entire continents will still have need of the protection of the banks, the great power financial, the states that assure this power and of their crews, or if they will know to arrangiarsi alone.

REPUBLIC OF THE EARTH

Dhana is the new currency of the Republic of the Earth.

Which are the objectives of this republic that proposes like world-wide government of all the inhabitants of the planet?

Eccoli.

Libero and Pacific development democratic. Freedoms and peace are faces of the same medal. Freedoms of thought and freedoms of share constitute in fact the elements from which draw origin the peace, understanding like harmonic equilibrium between subjects in constant comparison lacking in conflicts.

To leave again from head in the human relationships (with new rules from which new behaviors rise). It is the rules is the behaviors today are fruit of original lawsuits that will continue to provoke the effects to which are accustomed until when they will not be removed.

Freedom guaranteed from precise rules, according to positions ethics (Kant) that they characterize the fundamental aspiration of the human being in the freedom of the individual, which, if he remains indimostrabile in the scientific field, finds nevertheless its legittimità from a moral point of view. Freedom considered essentially like autonomy, that is like ability to our will to legiferare rationally and from if same in moral field.

Effective democracy and decisions democratics, lacking in very hidden notes manipulations of the electoral systems.

Long-lasting peace on all the planet, also through the demilitarization of all the states.

Development and redistribuzione of the wealth on the planet. Dhana and a complex of relative plans to the feeding, the health, the development of new enterprises, the emergency and the great problems today, like that one of the water and the climate, will concur to construct future the beautifulr and most just one, with the maximum possible solidarity.

Dissinnescare the fondamentalismo excesses is religious is of other nature, freeing the feelings from the dogmas, false myths and the doctrines that they foretell well and razzolano badly.

They are proposed cosmopolite. What means? The cosmopolitismo is a culture that supports the belongings of the man to the world, in a vision that exceed the distinction in razze, etnie or nations. In hellenistic age it was element symbol of the philosophical schools cynical and stoic. The concept came resumed from the illuministi, which vagheggiarono the foundation of a universal order based on the nature law and not on the historical differentiations. And the nature laws demonstrate the co-existence of eguaglianza of objective conditions and subjective differences.

In devising the Republic of the Earth and its currency, we have left from the truth of the last diecimila years that we know, from the history and they do not give myths, fantasies or legends. We have left from concrete, real facts.

The hinge around to which it turns the world cannot be one be, a group of states and not even one organization formed from all the states but a democratically elect government from all the inhabitants of the planet.

Who has spoken about republic and world-wide government?

The merit goes to Guide to have defined in clear way the republic concept, understanding " not like a any aggregate of men, but as with of persons joined from the consent given to the laws and from a common interest ".

In it the civic virtues acquired a primary role, than they were expressed in the moral investment to the public life, and virtues.

According to Platone the instruments that would have to form the governors philosophers are a regime of comunistico property and a specific system of education. Olistica vision (from the Greek is one holos: an all entirety) of the history and the subjects that have constructed it.

Eintsein asserted that " the only salvation for the civilization and the human species resides in the institution of a world-wide government, so that the emergency of the nations is founded on the law. ”

Platone, Guide, Einstein, de Béthene, Penn, Abbot Saint Pierre, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Kant, Singer, Niels, Tamames, Berlinguer, Gorbaciov, Palms, Luther King, Norberto Bobbio and many other illustrious personages have indicated in the world-wide government the solution to the ingiustizie and the conflicts.

The states are today found to face a situation that puts in argument their same legittimità and existence.

The globalization of the economy, the migratory flows, the information dissimation concurs to circumscribe the share of the states.

To this evolution of the international panorama the birth of institutions corresponds that find some own functions of the states, while in some areas integration plans are developed, like in the case of the European Union, seen from some like alternative to the national state and from others like evolution towards new and greater state entities.

The personages who have spoken about world-wide government till now have imagined that the states gather in an only great planetary federation.

Unfortunately, a similar initiative, admitted that it was intentional, could not affect the lawsuit of the human relationships, because it would be expression of the same political systems that have produced the current situation, systems that stretch to consolidate and to perpetuate if same.

We go to see what have produced international institutions like the United Nations, the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the FAO, the World-wide Organization of the Commerce.

Little poverty on the planet? More justice? Nothing wars? The safeguard of the atmosphere?

It was not possible to make more? Sure it has not been made. The three richer men of the Earth have more wealth of the 46 poor countries of the world.

Tens of million persons, many children (more the weak people) continue to die of hunger and curable but not cured diseases because the resources lack in order to acquire necessary drugs.

Hunger, you arm, drug, wars, recycling are antiwho unsolved evils. Not because they are not curable but because it serves to that it is therefore.

The new one must leave again from the bottom, people, the citizens of the world.

Till now, about world-wide government ne they have spoken like about one entity founded from the states. And instead, a world-wide government effectively democratic cannot be founded from the states but he must leave from the bottom, from people.

For farlo, there is need of ideas, it revives, organization.

The ideas introduced from the Republic of the Earth in its Constitution correspond to the waits of all the inhabitants and all the people of the Earth.

The resources are put to disposition from who have had the fortune of being able to produce wealth and are managed from who have had assignment of orientarle to the historical change of the current systems.

The organization will have spontaneously to generarsi from the participants to this instrument (because of an instrument bill of exchange) in the measure in which they will take conscience of the truth and they will have confidence in the own forces.

Servants publicity? Propaganda? It does not have to serve. If an idea is good and the instruments for metterla in practical exist the interested ones receive it.

Political problems and economic problems exist. With the Republic of Terra and Dhana they are wanted to be faced. But a moral limit exists also that must always guide to us, also when us it seems that our solution is the best one. Other times in the history have gone various and have seen the result.

The solutions do not have at all costs to be taxes. Using persons like whom they support the current systems it could obtain the fast adhesion of billions of persons to these two instruments.

With a marketing operation like that they are used by now of customary in order obtaining consent would be possible to make one risen of “attack lightning bolt ”to the existing for trasformarlo in other. The resources do not lack. It would be enough to use one very small part of how much comes destined to productive scopes.

But it has been completed a choice various, the choice to make what it is thought just from the ethical and moral point of view. And one thinks just that the persons are free to choose. The self-control, the taken one of conscience of the truth can only in this way be formed and be developed.

We will have to inform, this yes. We will by all means give to all the necessary investigations in all the languages and of communication.

We remember always a phrase of Danish philosopher Soren Aabye Kierkergaard (Copenaghen 1813-1855) that it says more less or therefore: “If one what can farla, it is useful and just farla nevertheless it is not made is because it has not been understood enough. ”

It is augured to us instead not having to defend from actions inconsulti.

The Republic of the Earth and its currency have been thoughts and introduced in absolute good faith, with sincerity, adopting the rules of the international right and the regulations of the countries in which have been completed the operations necessary to promote these instruments.

Concepts, methods and techniques have been conjugated with operating instruments.

Nobody, who has not devised these proposals would be more in a position to interromperle or than fermarle. Very aware of this fact, who has devised has thought also next to the own emergency. Having made null badly some Ecelon does not fear, indeed it does not know just the fear.

However, following the council of Christ “You are pure as prudent doves and as snakes ”(Tommaso, towards 39), one has hurried to know the methods and the means of who he is “able of all. ”

Pacifically, without violences and sudden decisions, the ideas could be appraisal object and of comparison and nobody it will have to be worse than before.

Shares inconsulte, dictated from the annoyance, the fear or the anxiety, would not make other that to accelerate the lawsuit of spread of Dhana and the effects of a such acceleration they would be reflected in the first place on who wanted to use the force. It is on the plaintiffs is on sending.

It would be the price of the last one ingiustizia.

10 January 2002.

Rodolfo Marusi Guareschi

For investigations on the gold, to see www.italpreziosi.com